Jane Kim, MD, a board-certified internist and a member of Verywell's medical expert board, shares her insights on COPD symptoms and treatments.A Word From Verywell
The symptoms of COPD aren’t always obvious. Subtle signs like finding it harder to keep up with friends on a walk or unconsciously cutting down on physical activity can be easy to miss. Some people may not realize that frequent respiratory infections could actually be exacerbations from chronic lung disease, not just a one-off bug.
COPD, or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, affects roughly 10% of those over 40 years old, and is likely underdiagnosed. The more recognizable symptoms of COPD range from a nagging cough, chronic mucus production, fatigue, or breathlessness.
If you notice these symptoms or have a risk factor like smoking, a lung function test like spirometry can help diagnose COPD. The test may show airflow limitation—an inability to exhale normally, even after use of a bronchodilator (medication to open the airways).
Why does airflow limitation matter? It’s the reason why some people experience shortness of breath or cough, both hallmark symptoms of COPD.
On top of that, if you have a viral respiratory infection, or are exposed to poor air quality, you’re more likely to experience exacerbations or flare-ups.
Emphysema vs. Chronic Bronchitis
There are two types of COPD: emphysema and chronic bronchitis. Emphysema is a condition that damages the air sacs of the lungs, making it harder to breathe. Chronic bronchitis causes long-term inflammation of the airways, leading to a persistent wet cough that produces thick mucus. Many people with COPD have both conditions at the same time.
There’s no cure for the condition right now. But in the past few years, medical research has fueled many advances in treatment. Inhalers are now easier to use, often combining multiple meds in one puff, and deliver the drugs to the lungs more effectively.
There are also new medications that target different mechanisms of COPD. Ensifentrine, a first-in-class drug, helps with opening up the airways and reducing inflammation. Another medication, dupilumab, has been used for decades to treat eczema and can also help people with COPD who have allergic airway inflammation.
If you or a loved one has been diagnosed with COPD, it is critical to cut out smoking or vaping, and to reduce other pollutants in the workplace or home. Other steps to take:
- Joining a pulmonary rehab program
- Maintaining a healthy weight
- Keeping up with recommended vaccinations like those against pneumonia, flu, COVID, and RSV.
All of these are great ways to help keep you breathing comfortably for as long as possible.
Frequently Asked Questions
Is COPD reversible with treatment?
No, but treatment can help you manage symptoms. Getting diagnosed and treated earlier can help slow progression of the disease.
Learn More:How COPD Is Diagnosed
What are the signs of a COPD flare-up?
A COPD flare-up can feel like your usual symptoms suddenly getting worse. You might have more intense coughs, have trouble catching your breath, and make wheezing sounds when you breathe. You might notice more mucus or a change in the color of your mucus. During a flare-up, you may need to use a fast-acting treatment. If your symptoms don't improve or if you have difficulty breathing, get medical help immediately.
Can you get COPD if you’ve never smoked?
While cigarette smoking is the biggest risk factor for COPD, it’s not the only one. Long-term exposure to air pollution, secondhand smoke, or lung irritants can lead to COPD. Some people also develop COPD due to a rare genetic condition called alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency.